Should I Go to a Big or Small College

Should I Go to a Big or Small College SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips One of the principle variables to consider while picking a school is the size of its enlistment. This is one of the main things school search sites request that you determine in light of the fact that it’s a simple method to dispose of a lot of schools. Be that as it may, imagine a scenario in which you aren't sure whether you’re keen on large or little schools or what the advantages and downsides are for each. In this article, I’ll give a once-over of the qualities of huge and little schools and the manners in which they contrast from each other. What Is a Big College? Schools with in excess of 15,000 understudies are normally thought to be large colleges.These schools offer various social encounters and a wide assortment of learning opportunities.They are places where you'll continually experience new and energizing activities and meet every extraordinary kind of individuals. Instances of enormous universities include: New York UniversityUCLAFlorida State UniversityGeorge Mason UniversityTemple University Masters of Attending a Big College There are loads of chances for mingling and meeting new individuals. Huge universities for the most part have a more extensive choice ofacademicprograms. There are broad assortments of exploration materials andstate-of-the-craftsmanship research offices. There's more assortment in lodging decisions. There will be progressively extracurricular clubs and exercises. Enormous universities havewell-supported athletic projects. They frequently draw in acclaimed or in any case recognized workforce. Cons of Attending a Big College You could wind up in gigantic talk classes that contain many understudies, coming about inless individual consideration from educators. There's progressively managerial red tape;if you needed to switch majors, for instance, you may need to get a bigger number of marks and endorsements than if you went to a little school. In the event that you don’t support your requirements and interests, you could lose all sense of direction in the group. You must be happy to follow openings at a major school in light of the fact that nobody will search you out and offer them to you. It’s progressively regular for understudies to get TOO drenched in the horde social chances and disregard scholastics. Would it be a good idea for you to Choose a Big College? A major school could possibly be directly for you relying upon your character and what you’re hoping to achieve in the following four years.If you’re somebody who continually searches out new encounters and adores meeting new individuals, you may flourish at a major college.You’ll have the chance to meet individuals from a wide range of social foundations and go to a colossal assortment of get-togethers. Since there are such a large number of individuals, if you’re ready to investigate, you're probably going to discover other people who have indistinguishable premiums from you.You’ll very likely discover extracurricular and scholastic open doors that line up with your passions.If you’re inspired by sports, enormous schools are additionally bound to have all around supported athletic projects and offices. In the event that you need to pick up understanding as an examination right hand or get your beginning in the scholarly community, a major school may likewise fit well with your goals.With choice exploration offices and recognized workforce, enormous colleges have all the assets you have to discover these kinds of opportunities.If you go to a huge exploration college, you're bound to be given chances to team up on ventures with teachers who are pioneers in their fields. This could prompt being recorded as a coauthor on groudbreaking research papers or introducing research at prominent gatherings. Huge colleges must give bleeding edge research offices so their prominent staff can keep on making new disclosures and distribute work. Students can frequently get to these offices and receive the rewards in their own examination tries. As a rule, this prompts a favorable position in admission to graduate school programs that esteem understudies who have just exhibited a talent for research. In the event that you’re a free individual who is happy with pushing for yourself, a major school condition will likely play to your strengths.There's less individual consideration and direct direction, yet on the off chance that you’re ready to search out the assets for yourself, you may have a lot a bigger number of chances available to you than you would discover at a little school. Florida State University: It looks pretty, yet I can just envision what sorts of many-legged repulsions are covered up in the vegetation. What Is a Small College? By and large, a little school is characterized as a school with under 5,000 students.These schools are described by an affectionate understudy network and a more noteworthy spotlight on undergrad instructing by professors.You’ll consistently run into individuals you know and will approach increasingly singular scholarly consideration. Instances of little universities include: Babson CollegeFranklin CollegeMiddlebury CollegeOberlin CollegeVassar College Masters of Attending a Small College You can become acquainted with the vast majority and will run into recognizable faces wherever you go. At little schools, the kinship among understudies is regularly extremely solid. You’re liable to get increasingly singular consideration from educators and have littler class sizes. Educators, not Teaching Assistants, show most classes as a rule, there is to a greater degree an emphasis on undergrad training. There are typically chances to make exclusively planned majors as opposed to being left with the projects that are authoritatively offered by the school. Little schools frequently have more grounded exhorting frameworks for understudies. You may have more chances to pick up initiative experience on the grounds that there will be less rivalry than at huge schools. Cons of Attending a Small College There are regularly less exploration offices and assets. You'll discover less assortment in public activity and less accentuation on huge games. There are generally less significant decisions (in spite of the fact that as I referenced, you can frequently structure your own significant which is entirely cool). Little universities can be isolating,especially in rustic areas. There will be less assortment in lodging decisions. Would it be advisable for you to Choose a Small College? In the event that you like being a piece of a solid network and feeling good and acquainted with your environmental factors, a little school may work for you.Going to a little school can make meeting new individuals a piece easier.If you become companions with only a couple of your cohorts, you’ll see them around every now and again, and it’s almost certain that you’ll discover associations with others in the community.Going to a little school makes it simpler to relate legitimately to different understudies since there is a less sensational scope of encounters nearby. Did you appreciate little class conversations in secondary school? Did you have a cozy relationship with your teachers?These are the two things that are bound to be a piece of the little school experience.You’ll have more communication with your educators and get the chance to gain straightforwardly from them instead of being instructed by TAs. Teachers will become more acquainted with you on an individual premise and give nice input on your work. You may likewise have more opportunities to team up with teachers on research since you won't rival an enormous pools of graduate understudies. Furthermore, educational program at little schools will in general be progressively adaptable. In the event that there's a one of a kind scholastic way that you need to take that doesn't exactly fit with the school's prerequisites, your guides will assist you with making it happen.If you have a greater amount of an independent character and are wanting to discover continued help in school from your educators and counsels, a little school might be the correct decision. Oberlin College: I can't contemplate Ohio...Ohio's exhausting! HA The Compromise: Medium-Sized Colleges Shouldn't something be said about schools that have somewhere in the range of 5,000 and 15,000 students?These are the Goldilocks schools - not very little, not very big.If you feel that specific parts of both enormous and little universities request to you, you should take a gander at these medium-sized schools.This is precarious, however. You could wind up outwitting the two universes or passing up the things you enjoyed around either of different kinds of schools. For medium-sized universities, it’s especially critical to take a gander at the points of interest of what the school offers as examination offices, class sizes, and extracurricular opportunities.A medium-sized school may have all the more enormous school qualities or all the more little school attributes relying upon its area and the creation of its understudy body.If the school is in a city, the public activity may be progressively similar to a major school since there will be a ton going on around grounds and you'll collaborate with more individuals outside the understudy populace. Then again, in a country territory, you may get even more a little school feeling of network and recognition. Instances of medium-sized schools include: Carnegie Mellon UniversityEmory UniversityHoward UniversityTufts UniversityVanderbilt University In the following area, I’ll tell you the best way to look for universities by size so you can look at schools that are huge, medium, and little and get a more clear image of how they line up with your inclinations. Instructions to Search for Colleges By Size This data is just fine, yet how would you really discover schools that have the enlistment size you’re looking for?I would suggest utilizing College Navigator for your underlying search.You can determine thesize extend you need on the off chance that you click on â€Å"more search options†: Notice that you can you cannarrow your pursuit down to schools that are the correct estimate and furthermore indicate whatever other essential characteristics that issue to you.The top of the hunt box permits you to look for universities bystate or postal district and by program type. When you get a rundown of schools, you can add any that sound promising to your â€Å"favorites�

The Fixer Essay -- Literary Analysis, Bernard Malamud

During the mid 1900’s, the world experienced a bigoted upset that was dealt with diversely all through all nations. Life for Jews in Eastern Europe, during the mid 1900’s, was described by mistreatment, isolation, constrained occupations, and outrageous bigotry. They were not permitted to wed outside their race and individuals were happy to show their scorn (hostile to Semitism) by means of decals or pins, for example, the two-headed bird of the Black Hundreds on Mr. Maximovitch. In his novel The Fixer, Malamud recounts to the narrative of Yakov Bok, a Jew conceived in Russia during the mid 1900’s. Trying to a decent future, he leaves his home for Kiev to begin another life. While living here he should conceal his social foundation, despite the fact that he doesn't put stock in God any longer, to ensure any opportunity of a promising future. It is the point at which he is accused for a homicide that he battles to discover God again and starts to scrutinize his li fe decisions. The significant topics of the book are isolation, battle with religion, making progress toward opportunity, and extraordinary bigotry, which are communicated through Yakov Bok’s life. In The Fixer, Malamud reproduces the tale of Mendel Belis, a Jew who is living in Keiv and is confined for the homicide of a youthful christian kid. The book is written in a constrained third individual view as it follows the life of Yakov Bok. He is a poor Jew grain getting purchase on his work who leaves his home in want to make a more up to date and better life in Kiev. Yakov communicates his objective to his farther-in-law when he says â€Å"All I have now in this hopeless town is a down and out presence. Presently, I'll attempt Kiev. On the off chance that I can live there acceptably, that is the thing that I’ll do. If not, I’ll make penances, set aside, and head to Amsterdam for a pontoon to America. To summarize it, I have close to nothing, however I h... ...cist as he doesn't permit Yakov to do anything and just continues harming him. He fastens him to the bed, endeavors to harm him, and genuinely beats him with strip searches and starvation. In Yakov’s endeavor to leave his him and take a stab at another, progressively charming life, he really made an existence of agony and languishing. Yakov reprimands his religion for what occurred with him, however reality of him going to prison could had been an indication for him to re discover his religion. His farther-in-law said his religion will support him and despite the fact that he needed to confront the prejudice and isolation for all life, it was his religion that brought into see his opportunity dream. Malamud attempted to make a point through Yakov’s life that even through the most exceedingly terrible treatment on the planet and the chance of death, having confidence could lead you to this other entryway of opportunity and the genuine life you generally needed. The Fixer Essay - Literary Analysis, Bernard Malamud During the mid 1900’s, the world experienced a prejudiced upset that was dealt with diversely all through all nations. Life for Jews in Eastern Europe, during the mid 1900’s, was portrayed by mistreatment, isolation, restricted occupations, and extraordinary bigotry. They were not permitted to wed outside their race and individuals were happy to show their scorn (hostile to Semitism) by means of decals or pins, for example, the two-headed hawk of the Black Hundreds on Mr. Maximovitch. In his novel The Fixer, Malamud recounts to the tale of Yakov Bok, a Jew conceived in Russia during the mid 1900’s. Seeking to a decent future, he leaves his home for Kiev to begin another life. While living here he should conceal his social foundation, despite the fact that he doesn't have confidence in God any longer, to secure any opportunity of a promising future. It is the point at which he is accused for a homicide that he battles to discover God again and starts to scrutinize his life decisions. The significant topics of the book are isolation, battle with religion, taking a stab at opportunity, and extraordinary prejudice, which are communicated through Yakov Bok’s life. In The Fixer, Malamud reproduces the account of Mendel Belis, a Jew who is living in Keiv and is encircled for the homicide of a youthful christian kid. The book is written in a restricted third individual view as it follows the life of Yakov Bok. He is a poor Jew grain getting purchase on his work who leaves his home in would like to make a more current and better life in Kiev. Yakov communicates his objective to his farther-in-law when he says â€Å"All I have now in this hopeless town is a poverty stricken presence. Presently, I'll attempt Kiev. On the off chance that I can live there adequately, that is the thing that I’ll do. If not, I’ll make penances, set aside, and head to Amsterdam for a vessel to America. To summarize it, I have pretty much nothing, yet I h... ...cist as he doesn't permit Yakov to do anything and just continues harming him. He anchors him to the bed, endeavors to harm him, and sincerely beats him with strip searches and starvation. In Yakov’s endeavor to leave his him and take a stab at another, increasingly agreeable life, he really made an existence of torment and languishing. Yakov censures his religion for what occurred with him, yet reality of him going to prison could had been an indication for him to re discover his religion. His farther-in-law said his religion will support him and despite the fact that he needed to confront the bigotry and isolation for all life, it was his religion that brought into see his opportunity dream. Malamud attempted to make a point through Yakov’s life that even through the most exceedingly awful treatment on the planet and the chance of death, having confidence could lead you to this other entryway of opportunity and the genuine life you generally needed.

The Everglades :: Personal Narrative Writing

The Everglades â€Å"We must be cautious. We have a bog trudge virgin in the back.† When one of my teachers said this, I said to myself, â€Å"Oh ruler, what have I gotten myself into?!† In the past class, I needed to miss the second of half because of family excursion plans, making me miss the trudge in Pa-Hay-Okee. I was a little vexed I needed to miss it since I would not like to be not quite the same as any other person in the class, however I should concede I was somewhat happy in light of the fact that I detest water. So when we were eating and discover that we would do a â€Å"minor slog† at the Clyde Butcher studio I had a conniption. Where is this photography studio that a trudge is really conceivable? Shockingly enough, it was perhaps the best time I have had in class all semester. I really wanted to recollect Ranger Maureen’s understanding discourse. How when you experience occasions in an unexpected way, sure, it might appear to be odd, however it permits you to encounter it in a manner you typically would not, which henceforth empowers you to understand things in a one of a kind way. Going to class each other week, individuals frequently ask me where I am going, and I regularly simply answer, â€Å"going to the Everglades.† We drive, meet, talk about, interface a piece, and return home. Without a doubt, we have done some intriguing things, however never did I envision that I would truly be in the Everglades. We were adhering to the ground underneath us, in the wild, nothing encompassing us except for nature; I felt so outdoorsy. In any case, what of confused me somewhat still was â€Å"normal† individuals who might really do this each day of their lives. At the point when we got to the Clyde Butcher studio, and met the assistant, I was astounded to see her. Somebody who looked as lovely and stylish as her, you would not hope to see out in the center of no where, not to mention really living there! You would hope to see researcher, biologists, and other such researchers, yet not some petite youngster. A couple of us really poked a fun at her, corresponding to the Matthiessen book, saying that she was attempting to force away from before and simply covering up to leave. I imply that spot does The Everglades :: Personal Narrative Writing The Everglades â€Å"We must be cautious. We have a swamp trudge virgin in the back.† When one of my teachers said this, I said to myself, â€Å"Oh ruler, what have I gotten myself into?!† In the past class, I needed to miss the second of half because of family excursion plans, making me miss the trudge in Pa-Hay-Okee. I was a little disturbed I needed to miss it since I would not like to be unique in relation to any other person in the class, however I should concede I was somewhat happy in light of the fact that I loathe water. So when we were eating and discover that we would do a â€Å"minor slog† at the Clyde Butcher studio I had a conniption. Where is this photography studio that a trudge is really conceivable? Shockingly enough, it was probably the best time I have had in class all semester. I really wanted to recollect Ranger Maureen’s translation discourse. How when you experience occasions in an unexpected way, sure, it might appear to be odd, yet it permits you to encounter it in a manner you typically would not, which consequently empowers you to interpret things in a novel manner. Going to class each other week, individuals regularly ask me where I am going, and I ordinarily simply answer, â€Å"going to the Everglades.† We drive, meet, examine, communicate a piece, and return home. In truth, we have done some fascinating things, yet never did I envision that I would actually be in the Everglades. We were adhering to the ground underneath us, in the wild, nothing encompassing us except for nature; I felt so outdoorsy. Be that as it may, what of bewildered me somewhat still was â€Å"normal† individuals who might really do this each day of their lives. At the point when we got to the Clyde Butcher studio, and met the assistant, I was astonished to see her. Somebody who looked as lovely and popular as her, you would not hope to see out in the center of no where, not to mention really living there! You would hope to see researcher, biologists, and other such researchers, however not some modest youngster. A couple of us really poked a fun at her, relating to the Matthiessen book, saying that she was attempting to force away from before and simply covering up to leave. I imply that spot does

NCFC

by Teresa Hudson As I have been listening to the sea of words swirling around the topic of the election over the past few months, both in person and via the Internet, I am reminded of the incomparable value of teaching our children to think well and then graciously articulate those thoughts in a way that will have a positive impact on others. The friends, family, and co-workers we know—and the politicians, bloggers, commentators, and journalists we don’t know—have sought to sway our opinions with their rhetoric, and many times that rhetoric has been questionable at best. Listening to the cacophony of misinformation, illogical thought, and passionate (but inaccurate) diatribe has caused me once again to be grateful for the skills my children and so many others are learning through the National Christian Forensics and Communications Association (NCFCA). When I first got involved in NCFCA, I didn’t fully understand the importance of actually teaching my children communication skills. Sure, I knew that it was important to pursue an excellent education, but I didn’t think about the fact that a wonderful education does no good if a child is not equipped with the skills necessary to share what he knows with others in a winsome way. By involving my children in NCFCA competition, they began the process of figuring out how to craft an effective message, develop their delivery, and learn to gauge whether or not the listener is perceiving their message. They learned how to organize and then articulate their thoughts in a way that makes an impression on their audience. They learned the importance, power, and impact of the spoken word. And I began to understand the true value of excellent communication skills. NCFCA is an organization that is committed to teaching young people how to first think critically, researching and pursuing truth before weighing that information in an effort to make a reasonable determination of the proper and logical position. Then, NCFCA gives opportunity for those same young people to take a stand for that position, communicating their stance in such a way that the listener is drawn to their gracious and articulate presentation. Truly, that is the approach that will be most effective in drawing others to the truth and have the most impact on our culture. NCFCA offers students a chance to practice speaking and debating through competition. As an organization, we are dedicated to training high school students to address life issues from a biblical worldview in a manner that glorifies God. Ultimately this training prepares our students to impact others for Christ by providing a fertile practice ground and an opportunity for the speaker to receive feedback critical to his development. Over the past few years, it has become apparent that to be highly effective in both the competition arena (the practice field) and in real-life situations, a student needs great training and instruction via the educational arena (the living room, classroom, or club meeting) first. Our students need guidance as they work to prepare their presentations. Out of that realization came the drive to produce a curriculum that would focus on excellence—excellent instruction that would serve to help the student develop excellent content and couple it with exce llent delivery in order to achieve excellent and effective communication. Our new curriculum, The NCFCA Comprehensive Guide to Speech, is the result of that realization. It is a fabulous resource that seeks to help young students utilize the NCFCA ballot as criteria by which to assess the effectiveness of their presentation. These criteria (content, delivery, and overall presentation) are not just useful for judges; they are useful benchmarks for anyone striving to improve their speaking skills. Even though NCFCA is an organization that holds competitive events, please be assured you don’t have to be an NCFCA competitor to get great value from NCFCA’s curriculum. Make no mistake—tournaments are important, and there is much to be gained from the â€Å"iron sharpening iron† experiences inherent in competition. But the goal of NCFCA is not to produce trophy winners or give out great college scholarships. Our goal is to train young people to be thoughtful, articulate, and gracious in their quest to share the love of God. Anyone can use this curriculum and the criteria outlined in these pages to learn to glorify God through their communication. It’s been such a blessing to be able to work with the folks at IEW to publish The NCFCA Comprehensive Guide to Speech. Their commitment to partnering with us to create a work that meets the standard of excellence held by both IEW and NCFCA has been a critical component in our efforts to give families the tools they need to teach their children to effectively and graciously speak truth to the world. Thanks to Andrew Pudewa, Julie Walker, and all the other fabulous staff at IEW for all you have done for us and for the families who will be blessed through this curriculum! Teresa Hudson served in all of the NCFCA Leadership positions before taking her current position as the President of the Board of Directors at NCFCA.

Access to Condoms Prevents Teen Pregnancy Essay

Does Easy Access to Condoms Lower the Rates of Teen Pregnancy? Many people tend to believe that teenagers are going to have sex anyway, that’s why it’s better to provide an easier access to condoms. In some European countries condoms are even handed out at schools for free. However, is this measure really helpful in achieving the main purpose of the campaign– to decrease the rates of teen pregnancy and venereal diseases? Statistics show that distribution of condoms turns out to be not really helpful. The rates are still growing and there are some truly gruesome cases, when teens of 13 or 14 get pregnant. And the reason, in my opinion, is that easy access to condoms does not cultivate safe sex; it cultivates irresponsibility among people. In the times when contraceptives were either ineffective or extremely hard to get, the moral level of society protected teenagers from getting pregnant – there was an understanding that the consequences of having a good time may be very, very unpleasant. Free sexual relations were shunned by society. Modern teenagers that are taught from the very childhood that sex is completely alright, no matter in what age, with whom or in what circumstances you have it, that you can buy condoms anytime and anywhere, and you shouldnt have such preconceptions. They know that all the negative consequences may be easily averted if sex is safe – but it only breeds overall contempt for the above-mentioned outdated preconceptions and the precautionary measures as well. Easy access to condoms doesn’t and cannot prevent teen pregnancy, for it doesn’t make an influence on the source of the problem; in fact, it only makes it worse. If teenagers don’t understand the seriousness of consequences, social problem will never be resolved.

Comparing Different Worldviews And Their Effect On Society

Before comparing and contrasting different worldviews and their effect on society, it is important for us to understand what we are studying. What is a worldview? A worldview can be defined by many different definitions. But broadly, it is a way through which you see and interpret the world and the things around you. It is a mental mode of reality from which we develop ideas and theories about the world. It answers questions: What are humans? Why are we here? What is our purpose? What are your values? What can we know with certainty? Does reality include only matter and energy? Does God exist? (Rusbalt) A world view could be likened to a pair of glasses. –Everything you see will be affected by the pair of glasses you are wearing. If you try on another person’s glasses things might appear blurry, and it could very possibly give you a headache. Carol Hill, a prominent actress in the 1900s, said this of a worldview: â€Å"By ‘worldview’ I mean the basic way of interpreting things and events that pervades a culture so thoroughly that it becomes a culture s concept of reality — what is good, what is important, what is sacred, what is real. Worldview is more than culture, even though the distinction between the two can sometimes be subtle. It extends to perceptions of time and space, of happiness and well-being. The beliefs, values, and behaviors of a culture stem directly from its worldview. (Rusbalt) By definition, a Christian is a follower of Jesus Christ who has personallyShow MoreRelatedThe Religious Traditions Of The East Are All Older Than Western Religions1743 Words   |  7 Pagestraditions have had a shaping effect on their societies in how they look at the world and the â€Å"hope† they offer their followers. Their traditions and beliefs are different than in the west. 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Additionally, the proposed research seeks to critically examine geographical, economic, biological, socio-cultural and prevailing health policy on CAM, and how these broader factors contribute to the less use of CAM amongRead MoreA Taste Of Russian Culture1299 Words   |  6 PagesA Taste of Russian Culture When it comes to being different, it can be difficult to manage people’s judgements. Whether someone has an accent, looks â€Å"Un-American† or has a name that is difficult to pronounce, it seems like a better solution to hide under a rock all day than to confront people with their harsh and quick judgements. Unfortunately, I had hit the golden trifecta, and because of this I had a rough childhood. At times, I felt like I wasn’t worthy enough to hang out with the â€Å"cool† AmericanRead MoreHealth Care Provider And Faith Diversity1884 Words   |  8 PagesHealthcare providers are exposed to various worldviews across the care continuum. In order to provide unbiased care that is consistent with an individual’s worldview, providers must educate themselves to the variety of faith expressions present within their society. This paper will examine the various worldviews associated with Buddhism, Islam, and Christianity, as well as assess the spiritual pe rspective on, and the critical components of healing that are unique to each faith. A comparative analysisRead MoreVisions Of Reforms And Reformation1488 Words   |  6 Pagessense of humanity, but defined that humanity, the means of achieving that humanity, and their general worldview in different ways. Wollstonecraft sought progress by reforming private life virtues through voluntary education and action. She wanted to change the hearts and minds of the people, while Marx sought progress through direct means -- political upheaval and reformation of government, society, and currency through the armed uprising of the worker. Their similarities and differences can segregated

Gases carbon monoxide and nitrogen monoxide

Questions: Produce Word Document that covers the following topics: 1. Consider the reaction between gases carbon monoxide and nitrogen monoxide: 2CO + 2NO 2CO2 + N2 Using Boltzmann distribution and collision theory explain what would happen to the rate of a reaction if temperature and pressure were independently increased. Also explain what would happen is a suitable catalyst was used. 2. Have complete Foundation Biology enzymes and rates. 3. Consider the reversible reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen gases to produce ammonia gas the Haber Process N2 + 3H2 2NH3 - The forward reaction is exothermic Explain what is meant by Le Chateliers Principle and use it to explain what happens to the position of the equilibrium if: The concentration of nitrogen is increased Ammonia is removed as soon as it is produced Overall pressure of the system is increased Overall temperature of the system is increased 4. Explain and give examples of what is meant by the following: Acid Base Alkali pH Strong Acid / Base Weak Acid / Base Acid / Base Neutralisation 5. Consider the weak acid, Ethanoic Acid in a buffer solution containing Sodium Ethanoate CH3COOH CH3COO- + H+ CH3COONa CH3COO- + Na+ Explain what would happen to the pH if small volumes of hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide were added. 6.Experimentally determine by titration the concentration of sample of a sample of hydrochloric Answers: 1. Consider the reaction between gases carbon monoxide and nitrogen monoxide: 2CO + 2NO 2CO2 + N2 Using Boltzmann distribution and collision theory explain what would happen to the rate of a reaction if temperature and pressure were independently increased. Also explain what would happen is a suitable catalyst was used If the temperature increases independently, the rate of reaction will increase as the will have more energy and the particles will be colliding more. The rate of reaction will increases if they pressure is increased (Barnett and Harrison, 2013). If the pressure is increased, the reactant particles become more crowded, there is greater chance of collision, and the rate of reaction will increase. A catalyst is a substance when added to a reaction it will increase the rate of reaction. If platinum is added to the reaction, the reaction will be very fact. 2. Have complete Foundation Biology enzymes and rates, assessment criteria The chemical principles to analyse a typical analytical technique for the enzymes are the Investigate catalyse activity in plant extracts. Investigate of an enzyme-controlled reaction. Investigate to measure the effect of temperature on lipase activity (Oriakhi, 2009). 3.Consider the reversible reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen gases to produce ammonia gas the Haber Process N2 + 3H22NH3 - The forward reaction is exothermic Explain what is meant by Le Chateliers Principle and use it to explain what happens to the position of the equilibrium if: The concentration of nitrogen is increased Ammonia is removed as soon as it is produced Overall pressure of the system is increased Overall temperature of the system is increased Le Chateliers principle states that if a equilibrium is disturbed by changing the conditions, the position of the equilibrium shifts to counteract the change to re-establish an equilibrium. If the concentration of the nitrogen is increase then: The equilibrium will shift to the right, as the nitrogen will shift the reaction to the right (Haber, Kiwi and Kiwi, 2013). More ammonia will produced. Increase in the heat release. If ammonia is removed as soon as it is produced: The chemical concentration of the right will decrease. If Overall pressure of the system is increased: By increasing the pressure, the reaction will favour the forward reaction. The speed of reaction will increase. More number of Ammonia will produced (Haber, Bars and Schmitz, 2011). If Overall temperature of the system is increased More number of nitrogen and hydrogen will produced. 4. Explain and give examples of what is meant by the following: Acid Base Alkali pH Strong Acid / Base Weak Acid / Base Acid / Base Neutralisation Acid: Acids are the compounds that can donate hydronium ions when dissolved in water. Example: HCL Base: Bases are the substances, which produced hydroxide ions when dissolved in water. Example: Baking soda (Kauzmann, 2013). Alkali: Alkali are the substances which produces hydronium ions in water. Example: sodium hydroxide pH: it is a measure of the hydrogen ion concentration. Solution Strong Acid / Base: acids and bases, which are totally ionized when dissolved in water, are called strong acid and strong bases. Example: HCL is a strong acid. Weak Acid / Base: acids and bases, which are not completely ionized in water, are called weak acid and weak bases. Example: acetic acid is a weak acid. Acid / Base Neutralisation: When a strong acid and a strong base solution are mixed then neutralization reaction occurs. The product produced does not have the characteristics of both acids and the bases. 5. Consider the weak acid, Ethanoic Acid in a buffer solution containing Sodium Ethanoate CH3COOH CH3COO-+ H+ CH3COONa CH3COO-+ Na+ Explain what would happen to the pH if small volumes of hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide were added By the addition of hydrochloric acid, the pH remains the same. 6. Experimentally determine by titration the concentration of sample of a sample of hydrochloric acid using a known concentration of sodium carbonate A solution of hydrochloric acid is prepared and standardized against the pure sodium carbonate, and the percentage of the carbonate is determined in the sample (Moore and Langley, 2007). The percentage of Na2Co3 are calculated from the sample from two ways Molarity of the HCL: It is calculated by the following formula MHCl = moles HCl /liter = moles Na2CO3 x 2 (ml HCl/1000) = (wt of Na2CO3) x 2 / (mol wt Na2CO3) (ml HCl/1000) Percentage of the Na2CO3 in sample are calculated by the following %Na2CO3 = wt of Na2CO3 in sample / g sample x 100 References Barnett, C. and Harrison, M. (2013).Plasmas. Burlington: Elsevier Science. Haber, J., Kiwi, L. and Kiwi, L. (2013).Heat Management for Process Intensification of Fast Exothermic Reactions in Microstructured Reactors. Lausanne: EPFL. Haber, R., Bars, R. and Schmitz, U. (2011).Predictive control in process engineering. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. Kauzmann, W. (2013).Kinetic Theory of Gases. Newburyport: Dover Publications. Moore, J. and Langley, R. (2007).Chemistry for the utterly confused. New York: McGraw-Hill. Oriakhi, C. (2009).Chemistry in quantitative language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Marketing Mangement 21st Century Essay Example

Marketing Mangement 21st Century Essay Defining Marketing for the 21st Century Tutored by : Prof. Sunil D’ Anto Session Agenda †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Importance of marketing Marketing Defined The scope of marketing Tasks of a successful marketing practice Fundamental Marketing Concepts Tools of Marketing Marketplace Orientations How has marketing management changed? Marketing’s Responses to New Challenges Importance of marketing (why are we learning it? ) †¢ †¢ †¢ Press notes communicating marketing triumphs Profound articles on marketing strategies tactics The creation of CMOs Marketing is required to build strong brands a loyal customer base which contribute majorly to the firm’s value †¢ Marketing assists the firm : – in deciding on the right product, price, promotion, communication delivery (place) – to redo business models, in the world of empowered customers highly competitive market place. The case of : the brands X erox Nirma What is Marketing ? too often confused and identified with selling, advertising or promotions only! †¢ Real marketing practices and theories are all too often invisible to the average consumer common man. Therefore, let us understand define marketing†¦ Defining Marketing Marketing is an organizational function and a set of processes for creating, communicating, and delivering value to customers and for managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organization and its stakeholders. the AMA Good Marketing is No AccidentCase of Tata Ace: The roaring success of fourwheeler Tata Ace, in a market earlier dominated by three-wheeler load carriers, was due to a deep understanding of the market needs and customer requirements. What is Marketed? (the market offering / the product) Goods Services Events Experiences Persons Places Properties Organizations Information Ideas Successful New Product launches require careful Planning Re-defining Market †¢ T raditionally, market a physical place. †¢ Economists describe a market as a collection of buyers and sellers who transact over a particular product or product class. Contemporarily: – Marketers use the term â€Å"market† to cover various groups of customers – Marketplaces/ Marketspaces – Metamarkets metamediaries Simple Marketing System Communication Industry (a collection of sellers) Goods/services Money Market (a collection of Buyers) Information Exchange Transactions †¢ Exchange defined †¢ Conditions for an exchange †¢ Up-gradation to a Transaction Structure of Flows in a Modern Exchange Economy Key Customer Markets Consumer Markets Global Markets Business Markets Nonprofit/ Government Markets Core Concepts of MarketingNeeds, Wants, and Demands * Segmentation ,Target markets, Positioning Product or Market Offering Brands Customer, Consumer, Client Value and Satisfaction Exchange and Transactions Relationships and Networks Market ing Channels Supply Chain Competition Marketing Environment * Assignment 1 (a) States of Demand †¢ Eight demand states are possible: – Negative demand : consumers dislike the product and may even pay a price to avoid it. – Non-existent demand :consumers may be unaware or uninterested in the product. – Latent demand: consumers may share a strong need that cannot be satisfied by an existing product. Declining demand : consumers begin to buy the product less frequently or not at all. – Irregular demand: consumer purchases vary on a seasonal, monthly, daily, or even an hourly basis. – Full demand: consumers are adequately buying all product put into the marketplace. – Overfull demand: too many consumers would like to buy the product that can be satisfied. – Unwholesome demand: consumers may be attracted to products that have undesirable social consequences. Company Orientation Towards the Marketplace Production Concept Product Concep t Selling Concept Marketing ConceptConsumers prefer products that are widely available and inexpensive Consumers favor products that offer the most quality, performance, or innovative features Consumers will buy products only if the company aggressively promotes/sells these products Focuses on needs/ wants of target markets delivering value better than competitors Customer Delivered Value Starting point Factory Focus Existing products Means Selling and promotion Ends Profits through sales volume (a) The selling concept Market Customer needs Integrated marketing Profits through customer satisfaction (b) The marketing concept Holistic Marketing DimensionsPerformance Marketing The Four P’s Functions of CMOs †¢ Strengthening the brands †¢ Measuring marketing effectiveness †¢ Driving new product development based on customer needs †¢ Gathering meaningful customer insights †¢ Utilizing new marketing technology Improving CMO Success †¢ Make the mission and responsibilities clear †¢ Fit the role to the marketing culture and structure †¢ Ensure the CMO is compatible with the CEO †¢ Remember that show people don’t succeed †¢ Match the personality with the CMO type †¢ Make line managers marketing heroes †¢ Infiltrate the line organization †¢ Require right-brain and left-brain skillsMarketing Management Tasks †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Develop market strategies and plans Capture marketing insights Connect with customers Build strong brands Shape market offerings Deliver value (total C. Benefits – total C. Costs) Communicate value Create long-term growth Evolving Views of Marketing’s Role Finance Production Human resources Marketing Production Finance Human resources Marketing a. Marketing as an equal function b. Marketing as a more important function Evolving Views of Marketing’s Role (contd. ) Production Marketing Customer c. Marketing as the major function . The customer as the controlling factor Evolving Views of Marketing’s Role (contd) Production Marketing Customer e. The customer as the controlling function and marketing as the integrative function Understanding Marketing.. The aim of marketing is to make selling superfluous. The aim of marketing is to know and understand the customer so well that the product fits him and sells itself. Ideally, marketing should result in a customer who is ready to buy. All that should be needed is to make the product or service available. † Peter Drucker

Berkshire Hathaway

Berkshire Hathaway IssuesWarren Buffet invoked the substance-over-form concept to justify accounting for the GEICO and General Foods transactions as dividends distributions rather than sales of stock. Do you agree with Buffet that the substance of each of the proportionate redemptions was a dividend and not a sale of stock?In deciding how to account for an unusual or unique transaction for financial reporting purposes, should one consider the tax treatment applied to the transaction?Did Peat Marwick have a right to change its position on the proper accounting treatment for the stock redemptions? What factor or factors may have been responsible for Peat Marwick's decision to change its position regarding these transactions?FactsIn 1983, GEICO announced plans to purchase several million shares of its outstanding common stock for $60 per share. Among GEICO's largest stockholders was Berkshire Hathaway, Inc., an investment company. Executives of the two companies decided that Berkshire would tender approxi mately 350,000 if its GEICO shares in the stock buyback plan, which would allow Berkshire to treat the transaction as a proportionate redemption.English: Berkshire Cotton Manufacturing Company, A...In a proportionate redemption, the percentage equity interest of on company in a second company is maintained at the level that existed immediately before the transaction. For federal taxation purposes, the proceeds received by the investor company in a proportionate redemption are taxed as dividends by applying the effective intercorporate dividend tax rate. In 1983, that tax rate was approximately 6.9 percent.Berkshire also chose to treat the proceeds from the redemption of the GEICO stock as dividend income in its 1983 financial statements. Berkshire's audit firm, Marwick, Mitchell Company, approved that accounting treatment. In 1984, another company in which Berkshire had a significant equity interest, General Foods, announced a stock buyback plan. Again, Berkshire structured the sal e of stock to General Foods...

On-Site Daycare for Students Children Research Paper

On-Site Daycare for Students Children - Research Paper Example TO: [Insert Name of School] FROM: [Insert Name] DATE: November 27, 2011 SUBJECT: On-site Daycare for Students Children Background Information According to Chigona and Chetty (2008), the issue of teenage pregnancy is becoming a barrier to the education of young women, especially when the support is insufficient or absent. The authors argue that these girls undergo misunderstanding as well as pressure rather than receiving the support they need. It thus becomes hard for the teenage mothers to go on with their studies. Chigona and Chetty (2008) argue that if support is provided for the students’ mothers, they will continue and complete their final examinations. The issue of students’ mothers is global because the study by Chigona and Chetty was done in South Africa thereby showing that the issue is not only in America but also in other continents. On the other hand, Manson and Goulden (2008) claim that the rate of women drop out from Phd programs is increasing as compared to men. The two authors reveal how difficult it is for a woman to read and succeed in studies while looking after a child. Healy (2011) shows how students can benefit from on-site day cares to go on with their studies and care for their children. Healy (2011) expounds on a daycare center located in the school compound of Morton East High School. The student parents are able to study and look after their children. The center is set up in the first-floor of the classrooms block. According to Healy (2011), the daycare has helped the students complete their studies successfully. Additionally, the Department of Education and Early Childhood Development (2010) conducted a research to examine the importance of assisting teenage mothers to acquire college education. According to their research, the Corio Bay Senior College (CBSC) is one of the schools, which are encouraging young as well as expecting parents to go on with their education. The college achieves this by offering flexible optio ns that support their schedules. The school has a program for the young parents, which objects to provide intensive case management as well as on-site child care. The thought of coming up with the care program according to the author was because of the complex problems experienced by students’ mothers (Department of Education and Early Childhood Development, 2010). Problem Many teenagers are becoming mothers early and at the same time desire to go to colleges. The issue of taking of a child and attending college is hard thereby calling for support of these mothers’ parents. The students with children have problems commuting to school because they have to organize issues concerning daycare before getting to school, especially those living many kilometers away. The students are stressed even when in class because their kids are under the care of strangers who are far from their reach and so they cannot check on the children often as they ought to. This makes them anxious and cannot concentrate in class and end up underperforming. Similarly, the students waste much money traveling when they have free time to check on the children at home or other far day cares. Further, institutions have been underperforming because of lack of sufficient funds to run their business. With the implementation of the on-site day care project, the learning institutes will have some additional income to handle pressing issues. Proposal and

Cultural communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cultural communication - Essay Example iously, the politician was attempting to tap into the cultural code of the working class, less educated sort of people that regularly use the term â€Å"redd up.† Since he was running for local government, he was able to use this very regional term, whereas a politician running for state senate or any higher position wouldn’t dare use this term, especially considering that people outside of this region would have no idea what this term meant. By using this term, the politician was saying, â€Å"hey, look at me, I’m just an ordinary person, not like the typical fancy pants politician that you can’t trust as far as you can throw.† One of my friends told me that he tried very hard to lose his â€Å"eh† that he was used to employ in his speech. His family had just moved from Canada, and one of the first things that the kids in his school noticed was his tendency to end sentences with the word â€Å"eh.† It identified him as an outsider, somebody that did not belong to where he currently was. Being a new comer at a new place was difficult enough for him and he worked very hard on assimilating to the local dialect. Beyond dropping â€Å"eh†, he also worked to reduce the drastically different vowel sounds, he used for words like â€Å"coach.† Especially considering the clique-ish nature of schoolchildren, my friend was trying to fit into the cultural code of his new school and country. The author notices acutely the extent to which his parents struggle with English, when speaking with white people. They seem very strained whenever they have to speak English and hypersensitive to any mistakes they might be making, at least to the five-year-old author. Their inability to speak English fluently places them in a different cultural code form their neighbors. The author has a hard time thinking of Spanish as a language as anything other than what is spoken at home. He refers to it as a â€Å"private† language, a language that is only spoken at home and never in public

Investigating the Physiological Response of Anxiety Essay Example for Free

Investigating the Physiological Response of Anxiety Essay Investigating the physiological response of anxiety through general knowledge and math questionnaires, with a focus of inducing anxiety through music. The aim of this study was to investigate the physiological effects associated with math anxiety, with a further aim to explore this in relation to tense music exposure. It was hypothesised that a maths questionnaire would produce a significantly higher anxiety response than a general knowledge questionnaire. It was also hypothesised that exposure to tense music would produce a significantly greater anxiety response than silence. Furthermore, it would be expected to observe a significant interaction between the music condition and question type. The results of a mixed subject’s factorial ANOVA revealed that participants’ heart rate was significantly higher when presented with the math questionnaire over the general knowledge questionnaire. The presence of tense music did not significantly influence the level of physiological arousal. The only conclusion drawn therefore is that math questions elicit greater physiological arousal than general knowledge questions. Anxiety, like fear, is an emotion. It is a normal and totally necessary biological survival mechanism which everybody experiences. It tells us that something is a threat to our survival and motivates us to confront or avoid that threat. (Simmons Daw, 1994). Fear can be distinguished from anxiety in that fear focuses on specific situations or objects and occurs in their proximity, whereas anxiety occurs in anticipation of such. The amount of anxiety we feel should be proportionate to the reality of the threat posed by the situation, however, sometimes this is not the case. It is important to realise that this biological response is in essence the same as that experienced by other animals. However, in humans who have the power of thought or conceptualisation, the ability to anticipate fear or anxiety itself becomes part of the cycle of anxiety and makes the problem more complex. (Simmons Daw, 1994) The concept of anxiety can be dated back as far as Aristotle (384 BC – 322 BC). The basis of Aristotle’s philosophy was that for every trait: there is an excess, a deficiency and between the two, a mean the mean being the optimum or most desirable amount of the trait. For shame, he indicates that an excess of the trait would be shamelessness, the mean, modesty, and the deficiency being shyness. This can be related to anxiety in that someone who is shy can be said to be feeling too much anxiety whereas a shameless person therefore lacks a certain amount of anxiety. Aristotle’s aim was for one to be conscious of experiencing the optimum amount of anxiety given the situation or circumstance. (The Anxiety Support Network, Accessed 25/02/2012). Many people suffer from continual unrealistic, unfounded amounts of fear and anxiety. This is where anxiety and fear build up and exceed rational and beneficial levels, known as anxiety disorders. The most common anxiety disorder is that of simple phobias, estimated to affect one in ten (Barondes 1993; cited Wicken 2009). A more serious anxiety disorder is that of panic disorder. This can be characterized by the rapid onset of very apparent, overt physiological symptoms such as shortness of breath, irregularities in heartbeat and a variety of other autonomic symptoms. Somebody with a social anxiety disorder would be characterized by an excessive fear of being exposed to the scrutiny of other people, leading to avoidance of social situations. Furthermore, generalised anxiety disorder consumes one’s life with excessive anxiety and worry causing major disruption. (Carlson, 2010). Some people suffer from mathematics related anxiety. This has been characterized as an adverse emotional reaction to math or the prospect of doing math (Richardson Suinn, 1972; cited Micke et al 2011). Individuals with high maths anxiety tend to perform poorly when presented with mathematics stimuli (Cates Rhymer, 2003; cited Bai et al) One of the key cognitive mechanisms in math problem solving, and a significant area of research within the math cognition domain, is the utilization of the working memory system (Ashcraft Kirk, 2001; LeFevre, DeStafano, Coleman, Shanahan, 2005; cited Legg and Locker 2009). The anxiety response is controlled by the autonomic division of the peripheral nervous system. The autonomic division operates mainly beyond our control, mostly below consciousness and can be entirely automatic responses. The autonomic division comprises two parts: the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous system. The sympathetic system prepares us for action in the face of possible danger. This is commonly referred to and known as the ‘Fight-Flight’ reaction. Contrarily the parasympathetic system acts to redress the balance once the crisis has passed. (Simmons Daw, 1994). The way in which we are ‘prepared for action’ is by the release of neurotransmitters adrenaline and noradrenaline from the adrenal medulla (Wickens 2009). This leads to an increase in heart rate and breathing as well as increased blood flow to the skeletal muscles. The limbic system of the brain contains a number of structures that contribute to emotional behaviour, one of which being the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus has been shown to play an important role in the regulation of the autonomic nervous system and emotional behaviour. This has been demonstrated by the work Philip Bard (1930, cited Wickens 2009) where lesions to the hypothalamus of cats eliminated rage whereas lesions to the cerebral cortex tended to provoke such. Another structure of the limbic system, the amygdala, has been shown to be particularly important in regulating aggression and fear. This was demonstrated by Kluver and Bucy in the late 1930’s (cited Wickens 2009) where rhesus monkeys displayed dramatically reduced fear and aggression following lesions to the amygdala. Conversely, electrical stimulation of this structure in humans evoked fear and aggression. Another constituent of the limbic system is the hippocampus. Although mainly concerned with memory, it has been shown to be of interest in the study of anxiety. A neurobiological model known as the Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS) was proposed by Grey (1982, cited Hoffman Kim 2006). This system proposes to be the basis of aversive motivational functions. ‘It is sensitive to conditioned aversive and extreme novel stimuli and is activated in response to punishment and cues of frustrative non-reward’ (Hoffman Kim 2006). Its underlying neural circuits are believed to play an important role in anticipating and assessing threats. Contrary to the BIS, the Behavioural Approach System (BAS) ‘underlies appetitive motivational functions and governs behaviours that are intended to maximise rewards and minimize punishment’ (Fowles 1980, cited Hoffman Kim 2006) Research by Gray into the effects anxiolytic drugs would have on an animals behavioural response to punishment lead to a belief that the BIS represented an anxiety system. Further, trait anxiety may be a temperamental marker for the BIS, potentially allowing the assumption that trait anxiety reflects individual differences in the reactivity of the system. Trait anxiety has been defined as ‘an individuals predisposition to respond’ (Spielberger, 1966, cited Hoffman Kim). This predisposition can affect the anxiety response in a number of situations such as physical danger, social evaluation and ambiguous or daily routines. State anxiety however has been defined as a transitory emotion characterized by physiological arousal and consciously perceived feelings of apprehension, dread and tension (Spielberger, 1966). Two facets of state anxiety have been proposed: cognitive worry and autonomic emotional. In 1983, Spielberger developed the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) as a unidimensional psychometric assessment of anxiety. Endler et al (1991) however took a multidimensional approach to assessing both state and trait anxiety with the development of the Endler Multidimensional Anxiety Scales. It was proposed by Fowles in 1980 (cited Hoffman Kim) that electrodermal activity (EDA) and heart rate (HR) may be good physiological indicators of the BIS and the BAS. This was explored by Hoffman and Kim (2006). The prediction was that behavioural inhibition and trait anxiety would be associated with an increase in skin conductance level but not heart rate. From their results it was found that trait anxiety predicted skin conductance level, however behavioural inhibition did not. Neither of the two predicted heart rate reactivity. Therefore the conclusion was that skin conductance level is a better autonomic indicator of trait anxiety than heart rate. Music therapy is an alternative therapy that may improve patients’ health and well being (Guzzetta 1988; cited Nilsson 2009). The auditory perception of the music is located in the auditory centre in the temporal lobe, which sends signals to the thalamus, the mid brain, pons, amygdala, medulla and hypothalamus. The physiological effect of music is proposed to act via the hypothalamus and its regulation of adrenaline and other neuro-hormones (Myskaja Lindbaeck 2000; cited Nilsson 2009). Registrations through EEG have shown that music can decrease the bioelectrical activity in the brain from predominant beta waves to alpha and theta waves, which can have consequences for reduction of anxiety, tension and sleeplessness (Shawn 1999; cited Nilsson 2009). It is logical for one to assume that if music can have positive effects on physiology, then surely it can have negative effects too. The present study aimed to investigate the physiological effects associated with math anxiety, with a further aim to explore this in relation to tense music exposure. It was hypothesised that a maths questionnaire would produce a significantly higher anxiety response than a general knowledge questionnaire. It was also hypothesised that exposure to tense music would produce a significantly greater anxiety response than silence. Furthermore, it would be expected to observe a significant interaction between the music condition and question type. Method Design This study employed a 2 x 2 mixed subjects design. Question type was manipulated at 2 levels, being either math questions or general knowledge. All participants answered both questionnaires. Music was also manipulated at two levels. Participants were equally allocated between either the tense music condition or the control condition of silence. Participants’ heart rate was measured. Participants Sixteen undergraduate students from the University of Central Lancashire were used in the undertaking of this study. A method of opportunity sampling was employed during recruitment. No note of age or gender was made. Materials A twenty-six item math questionnaire (Appendix 1) and a twenty-six item general knowledge questionnaire (Appendix 2) were used as the foundation of the study. Each questionnaire was presented on a computer screen for thirty seconds, in which time the participants had to attempt as many questions as possible. The general knowledge questionnaire was presented first, followed by the math questions. A stopwatch was used to time the thirsty second period. For the tense music condition, computer speakers were used to play the thirty second tense music track. Each participant’s level of physiological arousal was monitored using a galvanic skin response-heart rate monitor, although this study only used the heart rate response element of the equipment. Procedure Participants who agreed to take part in the study were required to attend the School of Psychology at the University of Central Lancashire. Once there, they were individually taken to a lab room where they were asked to take a seat and read through a brief sheet in order to be aware of what was about to happen. The heart rate monitor which was connected to a laptop was then placed on the index finger of the participant. Once the participant was comfortable they were provided with a pen and plain sheet of paper and asked to remain calm for thirty seconds whilst a resting heart rate was recorded. After the thirty seconds had elapsed, the general knowledge questionnaire was presented and the participant had thirty seconds to answer as many questions as they could. They were notified at the end of the thirty second period. The math questionnaire was then presented following the same procedure as previous. For the eight participants who undertook the tense music condition, the procedure was the same, however, they were informed that once they began answering the questions, a 30 second music track would be played by the experimenter. The heart rate monitor recorded the heart rate (beats per minute) of each participant ten times per second. Upon completion of the study, participants were given a debrief sheet outlining the true aims of the experiment. Results The raw data collected consisted of the recorded heart rate response of each participant (Appendix 3). Heart rate was measured ten times per second for each of the thirty second periods – rest, general knowledge questionnaire and the math questionnaire. It was also noted whether the participant took part in the music or silence condition. The raw data was amended (Appendix 4) before being placed into SPSS statistical analysis software. This was done by calculating the mean average of the thirty second rest period and subtracting it from the calculated mean average of the thirty second period where the participant was answering questions. This was in order to discover the average heart rate increase. The full statistical output can be found in Appendix 5. The means and standard deviations of the average heart rate increase (BPM) for the general knowledge and math questions in relation to whether music was present or not were calculated using SPSS. Table 1: A table to show the means and standard deviations of the average heart rate increase (BPM) for the general knowledge and math questions in relation to whether music was present or not. It is clear from the results table above that there was very limited increase in the mean average heart rate between the music and silence conditions of both question types.. It can, however, be clearly observed that the mean heart rate increase for the maths questions is greater than that of the general knowledge questions. The standard deviations appear to show a moderate spread of scores. A Mixed-subjects factorial ANOVA revealed a significant main effect of question type [F (1,14) = 27.48, p .001, Eta2 = .66], with a higher average heart rate increase in the maths question over the general knowledge questions . There was a non-significant main effect of music [F (1,14) = .001, p = .972., Eta2 = .000]. The interaction between question type and music was non-significant [F (1,14) = .386, p = .545, Eta2 = .027]. Due to the lack of a significant interaction effect it was not necessary to conduct post-hoc tests. Discussion The aim of this study was to investigate the physiological effects associated with math anxiety, with a further aim to explore this in relation to tense music exposure. Sixteen participants had their heart rate continually monitored whilst answering a math questionnaire and a general knowledge questionnaire. Half of the participants undertook the questionnaires whilst being exposed to tension provoking music. The results of a mixed subjects factorial ANOVA revealed that participants heart rate was significantly higher when presented with the math questionnaire over the general knowledge questionnaire. The presence of tense music did not significantly influence the level of physiological arousal. The hypothesis that a maths questionnaire would produce significantly more anxiety than a general knowledge questionnaire was fully met during the course of this investigation. The hypothesis that exposure to tense music would produce significantly more anxiety than silence was not validated by the results of this study. Furthermore, the hypothesis that there would be a significant interaction between the music condition and question type was not substantiated by the results of this study. The significant result discovered in this study coincides relatively well with previous research into maths anxiety. Previous research has shown that individuals with high maths anxiety tend to perform poorly when presented with mathematics stimuli (Cates Rhymer, 2003; cited Bai et al). It is necessary to note however that the participants used within the present study were not subjected to prior assessment of math anxiety. Therefore, a distinction between a mathematical anxiety predisposition and poor performance cannot be made, taking into account also that scores from the mathematical questionnaire were not used at any point in this study. It should only be inferred from the results of this study that math questions elicit greater physiological arousal than general knowledge questions. This therefore, in part, relates well to Richardson Suinn’s 1972 characterization of math anxiety as an adverse emotional reaction to math or the prospect of doing math. It has been demonstrated by the work of Ashcraft et al in 2001 that the working memory system is a significant area of research within the math domain. The working memory system is of course directly relatable to the hippocampus. The Behavioural Inhibition System proposed by Gray has been shown to be directly related to the hippocampus and in turn, anxiety. Previous research into the effect music has on ones physiology has conclusively proven music can aid relaxation. This was clearly demonstrated by the work of Shawn (1999) where it was shown that music can decrease the bioelectrical activity in the brain from predominant beta waves to alpha and theta waves, having consequences of reducing anxiety, tension and sleeplessness. Research in this area, for obvious reasons, has directed its attention towards investigating the relaxing properties music can have. It was the intention of this study however to investigate the contrary. It may be necessary here to discuss the relationship between the biological mechanisms activated when listening to music, and those activated when one feels anxiety. Clear similarities can be observed between the two. It can be noted from the work of Myskaja Lindbaeck in 2000 that the physiological effect music has is proposed to act via the hypothalamus and its regulation of adrenaline and other neuro-hormones. This is distinctly similar to the action of the sympathetic system of the peripheral nervous system, in that, adrenaline amongst other neurotransmitters are released from the adrenal medulla. Music acts upon many of the same structures in the brain that have been found to have links with emotional regulation. The hypothalamus and amygdala being key examples. Within this study there were several methodological issues that have to be taken into consideration. First and foremost the method used to obtain data. This was done using only a heart rate monitor. It was demonstrated by Fowles in 1980 that skin conductance level is clearly a better indictor of anxiety. Therefore any further research into this area should use this method of data collection also. It may be wise to include a third level to the music variable in any further research. The third level should most definitely be a relaxing music condition in order to observe any oppositional results. Judging by previous research it would be expected that a significant reduction in math anxiety would be observed in participants who were exposed relaxing music. The tense music played to participants in the present study was administered at the same time the participant commenced attempting the questionnaire. This leads to difficulty in making a distinction between the tense music being the cause of increased physiological arousal, or whether it was the questionnaire alone as the cause. A possible solution to this could be to expose the participants to music prior to the undertaking of the questionnaire. In conclusion, it can be implied that anybody who suffers from anxiety in any form is likely to find soothing music a useful remedy, given the biological mechanisms involved. It can be inferred here therefore that a person who listens to genres of music such as heavy rock and metal, would most probably benefit from incorporating more harmonious music into their lives, however this theory was not upheld by the results of this. Further research in this area could focus on this. References Bai, H., Wang, L., Pan, W., Frey, M. (undated) Measuring Mathematics Anxiety: Psychometric Analysis of a Bidimensional Affective Scale. Journal of Instructional Psychology 36(3): 185 – 193 Carlson, N. R. (2010) Physiology of Behaviour. 10th edition. Pearson: Allyn Bacon den Boer J. A., Sitsen, J. M. (1994). Handbook of depression and anxiety. A biological approach. New York: Marcel Dekker Endler, N.S., Kocovki, N.L. (2001) State and trait anxiety revisited. Journal of anxiety disorders 15(3): 231-245 Legg, A. M., Locker, L. Jr. (2009). Math performance and its relationship to math anxiety and metacognition. North American Journal of Psychology 11 (3): 471-486 Micke, A. M., Mateo, J., Kozak, M. N., Foster, K., Beilock, S. L. (2011). Choke or thrive? The relationship between salivary cortisol and math performance depends on individual differences in working memory and math anxiety. American Psychological Association 11(4): 1000 – 1005 Nilsson, U. (2009) Music and Health; How to use music in surgical care. International Academy for Design and Health. 103 – 109 Simmons, M., Daw, P. (1994). Stress, Anxiety, Depression. A practical workbook. Oxon: Winslow Press Wickens, A. (2004) Introduction to Biopsychology. Pearson: Prentice Hall http://www.anxietysupportnetwork.com/articles/aristotle_anxiety.php Aristotle’s View of Anxiety. Accessed 25/02/2012

The Many Mothers of Alfred Hitchcock Essay -- essays research papers

When looking at the works of Alfred Hitchcock there are many recurring themes. Wrong man, classic Hitchcock villains, and the use of staircases are just three of the many attributes you see when watching a Hitchcock film. My favorite, however, would have to be Hitchcock’s portrayal of the mother. Whether she is there for comic relief as we see in Shadow of a Doubt, or as the root of all evil as you see in Strangers on a Train and Notorious, the mothers he creates are far from ordinary. Either their naà ¯ve nature or pure hated for others help to link these movies to one another. Notorious, which was produced in 1945 but not released until 1946, has an extraordinary mother figure. She is a skinny frail woman with a heart of lead. She is controlling and evil at heart and seems to be the cause of all trouble yet never gets any of the blame. When they discover that the girl is working for the FBI, the mother takes matters into her own hands and convinces her son to do away with the girl. You never see her saying much, yet you can see what she is thinking as she stares with those vacant eyes of hers. You can actually see the evil which is inside of her with one look in her eyes. She is by far one of the scariest and uncaring mothers we have seen thus far. The mother in Strangers on a Train (produced in 1950, released in 1951) has a slightly less aggressive role. Even though she is less active in what Bruno does now that he is grown, she is still the reason and cause for the way h...

Perfect competition Essay

A profit maximiser increases output until MC=MR at Q1. The intersection of MC with MR gives the profit maximising level of output. The intersection of MC with MR gives the profit maximising level of output. To find the market price one must project up from Q1 to the demand curve and across the vertical price axis, P1. Consumers are willing to pay P1 for Q1. Unit costs are only P2 so the firm is making an abnormal profit of (P1-P2)*Q1. The four key characteristics of monopoly are: (1) a single firm selling all output in a market, (2) a unique product, (3) restrictions on entry into and exit out of the industry, and more often than not (4) specialized information about production techniques unavailable to other potential producers. These four characteristics mean that a monopoly has extensive (boarding on complete) market control. Monopoly controls the selling side of the market. If anyone seeks to acquire the production sold by the monopoly, then they must buy from the monopoly. This means that the demand curve facing the monopoly is the market demand curve. They are one and the same. The characteristics of monopoly are in direct contrast to those of perfect competition. A perfectly competitive industry has a large number of relatively small firms, each producing identical products. Firms can freely move into and out of the industry and share the same information about prices and production techniques. Single supplier: The essence of a monopoly is a market controlled by a single seller. The most important aspect of being a single seller is that the monopoly seller IS the market. The market demand for a good IS the demand for the output produced by the monopoly. This makes monopoly a price maker, rather than a price taker. Unique Product: To be the only seller of a product, however, a monopoly must have a unique product. There are no close substitutes. A monopoly is an ONLY seller of a UNIQUE product. Barriers to Entry and Exit : A monopoly is generally assured of being the ONLY firm in a market because of assorted barriers to entry. Some of the key barriers to entry are: (1) government license or franchise, (2) resource ownership, (3) patents and copyrights, (4) high start-up cost, and (5) decreasing average total cost. A monopoly might also face barriers to exiting a market. If government deems that the product provided by the monopoly is essential for well-being of the public, then the monopoly might be prevented from leaving the market; Specialized Information Monopoly is commonly characterized by control of information or production technology not available to others. This specialized information often comes in the form of legally-established patents, copyrights, or trademarks. It could be a secret recipe or formula. Perhaps it is a unique method of production. While these create legal barriers to entry they also indicate that information is not perfectly shared by all. Natural Monopoly Sometimes markets become monopolies simply because it is more cost effective to have one firm serving an entire market than it is to have a number of smaller firms competing with one another. Firms whose economies of scale are virtually unlimited are known as natural monopolies, and the goods they produce are referred to as club goods. These firms come to be monopolies because their size and position makes it impossible for new entrants to compete on price. Natural monopolies are usually found in industries with high fixed costs and low marginal costs of operation, such as cable television, telephone, and internet providers. Legal Monopoly Sometimes a government will pass laws reserving a specific trade, product or service for government agencies. For example, many times a government agency will be in charge of running water. The legal barriers that are put up prevent other companies from competing with the government. Technological monopoly occurs when the good or service the company provides is has legal protection in the form of a patent or copyright. For example, if a company develops and patents a drug to cure brain cancer, that company has a legal monopoly over that drug.? Arguments for monopoly : – The beneficial effects of economies of scale, economies of scope, and cost complementaries on price and output may outweigh the negative effects of market power. – Encourage innovation.

Drug Abuse And Its Effect On Society Essay - 1167 Words

Name Professor Course Date Introduction A drug is a chemical substance applied into treating, diagnosing and preventing one from disease infections or a substance that is used by a person to enhance his or her physical and mental state in the perceived effect. Drugs used for different purposes and their effect depend on which cause for usage. It causes both positive and negative consequences directly to the user and in the long-run it affects the whole society or community. Drug addiction is the activity of uncontrollable dependence on a substance by the user no matter the harm caused by its usage. It is a habit that has been in many years hard to curb especially among the youths. â€Å"We must recognize that substance abuse and addiction is a disease, not a moral failing or easily abandoned self-indulgence,† (Califano, 2008).The cases of drug abuse have been on the rise over the recent years and resulted in crimes. The cases have a great effect affected the society in general since the reliable energetic youths hav e turned to drug abuse. However, some measures have been initiated to mitigate, curb and treat drug addiction in the society as outlined in the essay. Therapies: They are programs designed for offering patients with counseling treatment as a result of their addicts on drugs in the community. â€Å"Most of the programs involve individual or group drug counseling, or both,† (Treatment Approaches For Drug Addiction ). The therapies have been of great importance as they offerShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Drug Abuse On Society Essay1136 Words   |  5 Pageshave all felt the effects of drug abuse. In other words, whether it affects an individual directly or indirectly every person has seen or felt the negative effects of drug abuse in our society. The ultimate question, is why does such an abounding amount of Americans abuse illicit drugs, and how does it affect us as a nation? 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